Race, Class, and Gender in the United States Essay

Rothenberg paints an oppressive picture for women, the financially oppressed and minority members of society. The actor presents compelling essays of expedite, sexuality and class which examine the social construct of each issue. Race has been defined as the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial contrarietys catch an inherent high quality of a particular race. This has produced the view that Euro-Americans social, cultural, and economic advantaged position must be maintained at the expense of others as the normal life.The prestigious power of race, gender and class are explained and illustrated through the accretion of essays. The dynamics of power are divided based on different social classifications. cover Responses The essays included present a compelling but biased study within the context of class, race and gender. History shows racism has been clearly practiced in the past however much has been done to correct the unbridgeable and immutabl e differences in race, gender and class status in the get together States.Rothenberg emphasizes, in the collection of essays, past views of Euro-Americans superiority in intelligence and abilities over darker skinned races. Throughout the history of the United States, divergence against race and gender has been documented thus creating unhomogeneous classes according to race and gender. Racism has been defined as a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010).While unlikeness is described as being the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Discrimination encompasses a much larger circumference than racism. commonwealth v. Hall, 1854, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857, and Bradwell v. Illinois, 1873 created a class difference in the ruling of each case amid Euro-American males, Indians, Negroes, Chinese and women (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 495).Skin color differences have been thought to explain intellectual, physical and artistic differences, thus justifying varying treatment between racially different individuals (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 17). A person of property was considered of superior intelligence and character (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 8). The claim that race is a social construction takes issue with the once popular belief that sight were born into different races with innate, biologically based differences in intellect, temperament, and character (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 10).Michael Omi and Howard Winant maintain that Race is more a political categorization that a biological or scientific category (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 10). Racial distinctions can be correlated with economic and political changes in the society of the United States. In California, 1854, the state Supreme court of justice ruled in the case, People v. Hall that Chinese Americans should be barred from testifying against colours as Indians and Negroes had previously been barred with a California statue. The judges marked Chinese-Americans as inferior, and are incapable of progress or intellectual development beyond a certain point (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 495). Orientals and Hispanics were regarded to be naturally suited to perform brutal, sometimes crippling, farm labor which whites were physically unsuited to perform. In 1857, the United States Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford stated that Negroes were never considered a part of the spate of the United States (Rothenberg, 2010, 495). Gender refers to the particular set of socially constructed meanings associated with each sex (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010).Men and women have been portrayed as polar oppo sites with different abilities. The notion of difference itself is constructed and suggests that the claim that women and men are naturally and profoundly different r eflects a political and social decision rather than a distinction given in nature. In 1873, the Supreme Court ruled in Bradwell v. Illinois that women could not practice law and added further degradation arguing that women belong in the domestic playing area (Rothenberg, 2010, 495). Every society has different options on what constitutes a womans gender role verses a mans role.While Roe v. Wade, 1973, is considered a significant stride forward in womens rights, the after effects of the abortion rights given have for open debate on the benefits this case has brought to the womens movement. Spiritually, man and wife should be as one flesh (Genesis 224) and a helpmate to each other (Genesis 218), not in disceptation with each other for power. In the past, attitudes against races and gender other than Euro-American males have restricted the right to vote, own property, and even extended to the forced evacuation of Japanese-Americans into relocation camps.Clearly, discrimination has ex isted in this country however, the twentieth century has seen the growth of large and diverse movements for race and gender justice (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 497). However, Rothenbergs emphasis on race and gender portray differences as unbridgeable and immutable, regardless of any social programs or education. Reflection Rothenbergs collection of essays is informative of historical discrimination and the opinions of a subjugate of authors however, there are two sides to every story.Rothenberg has presented only one side of the race, class, and gender issues in an angry fashion. All evil has not been created by Euro-Americans. Pem Davidson file states that northern Whites looked down their noses at the Irish in the same manner they looked at free Blacks (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35). This created a psychological wage (Buck as quoted by Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35), alternatively of monetary gain, such as the employee of the month or assigned parking places (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35).Calvinism t aught being poor was a punishment from God while success was a sign of being righteous with God. This further created differences in class among the American society, including discrimination of women, people of color, and homophobia. Differences between rich and poor, white and black, men and women are socially constructed as innate differences among people. Then they are used to rationalize or justify the unequal distribution of wealth and power that results from economic decisions made to continue privilege.The status of various occupations and class positions they imply often changes depending on whether the occupation is predominately female or male. This particular discrimination also led to more vapidness of women. Status began to be calculated if a woman could stay home (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). If a woman was forced into the labor force, the family didnt meet the cultural requirements for white privilege (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). The categories of gender, race and class reflect culturally constructed differences that maintain the prevailing distribution of power and privilege in a society.Constructed differences are altered in relation to social, political and economic changes. The argument seems to fluxuate between racism and culturism. If cultural status is lost due to a woman browseing, that has very little to do with to which race she belongs. As stated in Bucks essay (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36), native men redefined themselves by their class position as skilled mechanism working for better wages under better conditions (p. 36) due to the ownership of their trade tools and their hard work ethic (Rothenberg, 2010, p.36). Again this is cultural rather than racial. any(prenominal) craftsmen, no matter what color his skin, can buy the tools of his trade to better his position. Rothenberg tends to be angry at this countrys struggles against racism, class and gender. She has collected some angry essays to support her racial and feminist opinions bu t has not shown more than a minimal reference to how far this country has progressed for all races and genders to be We the People of the United States (U.S. Constitution, 1776) forming a more perfect Union under God. Action This book has given me much food for thought. During the reading of this book, I have been more consciously aware of the different races and cultures in my workplace. While I dont agree with Rothenbergs apparent view that racial and gender discrimination continues in our society today as it has throughout our countrys history, I do see a tendency towards a reverse discrimination.Since my economize joined corporate America almost two years ago, Ive watched him miss promotions, even though he is very productive and conscientious in his work, so that a minority, usually a woman, could have the position, even though her employee record is full of criticism of her work ethic. White males continue to be punish today for the actions and attitudes of their forefathers even though most do not hold those same discriminatory beliefs.While I am not unconscious of race, I do not identify an individual as part of a particular race in my first impression or description of them. As I have illustrated with my students, no two people whether light or dark skinned are the same color. The biggest wish I have for my students is for them to be able to unzip their skin so that color is not visible to each other at all. As future medical assistants, surgical technicians, drugstore technicians and nursing assistants, these students need to see past race, gender and even class.As a teacher, I strive not to make decisions based on race or gender. Class is not an issue for me in the class room since all students dress in scrubs according to school dress code. Lao Tzu said, Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime(n. d. ). I am a firm believer that regardless of race, gender or class that our country was fou nded to give everyone an equal opportunity to pursue life, liberty and happiness with hard work and education.If I can give my students a sense of work ethic along with the academic and technical skills they need, I will have given them the tools to keep an eye on financially and in their chosen professions.ReferencesDiscrimination. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/discrimination gender. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/gender Lao Tzu. (n. d. ). BrainyQuote. com.Retrieved August 13, 2010, from BrainyQuote. com Web site http//www. brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/l/laotzu121559. html Mount, Steve. (2001)The Constitution of the United States, Preamble. USConstitution. net. U. S. Constitution online. Retrieved August 12, 2010 from http//www. usconstitution. net/const. html racism. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/racism Rothenberg, P. (2010), Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. New York Worth Publishers.